Hemagglutinin and Food Poisoning from Beans

Hemagglutinin and Food Poisoning from Beans Not so fun fact: Did you know that eating soaked raw or undercooked beans can result in food poisoning? It can. The culprit is a plant lectin known as phytohaemagglutinin, or simply, hemagglutinin, a chemical known to cause agglutination of mammalian red blood cells and to disrupt cellular metabolism. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, phytohaemagglutinin is found in many types of beans, however, red kidney beans contain the highest levels of hemagglutinin. White kidney beans contain a third as much of the toxin while broad bean varieties contain only 10 percent as much hemagglutinin as red kidney beans. Thats still plenty, however, since you only need to eat four or five undercooked red kidney beans to get sick. Bean Poisoning Symptoms Symptoms start to appear within one to three hours after consuming the beans. They include nausea and vomiting followed by diarrhea and, in some cases, abdominal pain. Although the symptoms may be severe enough to warrant hospitalization, they resolve spontaneously within a few hours. Everyone is susceptible, regardless of age, gender or other factors. Preventing Bean Poisoning It is easy to prevent bean poisoning. The recommended procedure is to boil soaked raw beans in water for a minimum of 10 minutes. It is important that the water reach boiling or 100 °C (212 °F), since exposing the compound to 80 °C (176 °F) actually increases its toxicity about five times. What Is the Most Poisonous Compound? | Is Mistletoe Really That Poisonous? Share Your Experience Had you ever heard of hemagglutinin in beans or bean poisoning? Have you ever experienced this type of food poisoning? Here are replies from readers: I never knew about kidney bean poisoning until today! I made vegetable soup with dried bean mix (without soaking) in a Crockpot. The soup didn’t cook thoroughly even though it was on for over eight hours. Fortunately, my symptoms were mild - but still a very unpleasant experience.- Lea Here’s the drill, folks! Legumes have been a staple of humans and other critters for a long, long time. Look in any old cookbook (mine date back over a century) and guess how they prepared them. THEY SOAK THEM OVERNIGHT AND BRING TO A BOIL, THEN SIMMER UNTIL TENDER. Obviously, they only had fire for fuel and no electricity. I never knew about PNG until last year and have prepared many types of beans, including dry red beans. My main goal is to greatly reduce polysaccharide sugars which encourage anaerobic activity in the gut and, guess†¦gas! So, after 50 years of cooking and research, heres the magic recipe: Sort, rinse, and cover 1 lb. of beans with 2 inches of water. Add 4 tsp. of salt. Soak overnight or 6 to 8 hours. Bring to a boil, and boil 2 minutes. Remove from heat, cover and soak 4 hours. Now, discard water and rinse the beans. Cover beans with water and bring to simmer. Cook until tender. Drain and serve.Note: I use a pressure cooker (seven minutes at 15 lbs. for Pinto beans). Beans are an important part of my diet, almost every day!- JVPETC   I have this reaction to ALL legumes. It doesn’t matter how they are prepared or cooked. It also doesn’t seem to matter how little I consume. I have become extremely ill after consuming something that was made with a small amount of soy flour. I have also started to have a similar reaction to certain nuts. One of my frustrations is that soy seems to be a standard substitution in so many foods, and isn’t always listed. I read that if an ingredient is a common substitution (soy grits for corn, for example) that the substitution isn’t always listed. It is to the point that I can no longer eat foods that my family doesn’t make from â€Å"scratch† with known ingredients.- Paula I am so glad I found this site after waking up at 3:30 a.m. this morning with intestinal pain, nausea, diarrhea and feeling like I was about to pass out right on the bathroom floor. I had eaten dark beans I made from scratch in the crockpot two nights in a row. It was frightening because I couldn’t come up with a reason why this happened. Now I know.- Laurene  Ã‚   I’m just getting back to normal after two pretty awful days. My girlfriend made us a pinto bean and pumpkin casserole and three hours later I felt the first wave of nausea. An hour later I was projectile vomiting until I was just retching. I don’t think I’ve ever felt so ill before. The pinto beans had been soaked overnight and boiled as the instructions said to, but there must have been a few that didn’t cook properly. My girlfriend was absolutely fine and thankfully so is our baby, who had some mashed up. I had to take two days off work and have only just started back on solid food as I couldn’t stomach anything but water.- Jon  Ã‚   I just wrote to a major cooking magazine about the possibility of hemagglutinin poisoning from two slow cooker recipes they printed that called for uncooked navy beans. They answered that they had researched their recipes with the FDA and were told there was very little danger in using the recipe, as most such poisoning comes from red kidney beans. Have they gone bonkers or just don’t want to admit they printed recipes that could make people sick?- Jessica Deforest  Ã‚   I just ate some romano beans and I’ve never really cooked beans before so I didn’t know I had to soak and then cook them, I just cooked them. I threw out most of my dish but ate a significant portion of the meal. My stomach feels a bit weird so I guess I might get sick, but hopefully, it’s just a psychological reaction to learning about this, or it’s just that the beans are tough to digest because of my flawed cooking. Wish me luck.- Jaime Silta My adult son has just had a horrendous episode of acute poisoning that was incredibly intense. Luckily, he has excellent health generally. After eating a plate of shop bought ready prepared falafel with hummus, he was fine for three or four hours and then had a rapid onset of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea. He also had some blood loss with diarrhea. The pain was really severe and at one point I thought I would have to get an ambulance. He also began vomiting. Incredibly, this really severe and acute illness began to wear off after four or five hours. 20 hours later, he is feeling fine again, although obviously exhausted! I have always thought that the most severe food poisoning was associated with contaminated meat and dairy products and had no idea that beans could be so lethal!- Cate   I ate raw Romano beans I bought from the grocery store. They sold them beside the green beans that I’ve always eaten raw, so I thought it was just another type of bean. I ended up eating an entire bag of them, thinking they were good. BIG MISTAKE. I felt like throwing up five minutes later. They burned in my stomach. Went to bed, passed a lot of gas, my intestines were spasming. Woke up 6 hours later with abdominal pain. Drank Pepto Bismal. Went back to bed. Woke up an hour and a half later with extremely watery diarrhea. Had to pass water for stool several times.- Anonymous My wife has just had a severe attack of vomiting and diarrhea. The suspect is the falafel we had for dinner made from white butter beans, or dried runner beans. The recipe used from Claudia Roden’s book specifies making the rissoles from uncooked beans. They are then deep-fried. I found a 2008 article from the Independent called Beware of the Beans. A family using the same recipe (shallow fried, however) all came down with severe symptoms. Even white beans have enough lectin to cause problems.- Jeremy Cunningham

How to Make Your Research Proposal Abstract Rock

How to Make Your Research Proposal Abstract Rock How to Make Your Research Proposal Abstract Rock A proposal abstract for your research proposal is designed to present an idea of what you will write your research project on. It gives a summary of the project when it has already been complete. You will need to remember that when you are creating a research proposal abstract, also known as a prospectus, you will have to present your research project to an academic committee or supervisor. Therefore, it will be vital that you are able to convince them that the project is worth researching. You have to make sure that it rocks, so that you can move on to actually writing the paper instead of spending half of your allotted time for the whole project just trying to get this approval. We have compiled some very important advice to ensure that you get your prospectus or research proposal abstract approved the first time around: Always Draw up a Few Drafts Your prospectus is very important. It will save you a bunch of time if you create a few drafts first to ensure that you crush this part of the process. Don’t settle for your first run at it. You will want to make sure to create a few different drafts and then choose the best one. Include a Rationale You will need to include the rationale for choosing your topic: justify your choice and show why your topic is important. You will want to express how important it is to your discipline. You will also need to make sure that you express the limitations to your study as well. Include a Review The literature review is vital to this part of the process. You want to make sure that you include information on the sources that you will include in your research project. When you are creating your review of the various articles and sources that you will use to conduct your research, it is vital that you point out the actual information. You will need to explain how that study is going to be used to prove your point. Don’t make the mistake of simply giving a summary of the article or study. Include an Outline You will need to also include an outline. This should comprise your methodology or approach. It should explain how you will conduct your study. This can enclose information regarding the resources that will be needed to conduct your study, the costs associated, if any, and a general timeline on how long the study will take. Start with the Why and Follow with the How Always start by telling why your study is worth conducting and then move on to how you will conduct it. This way you are properly setting your paper up. Mention Important Details Make sure that you give enough information in your prospectus to ensure that you are selling your idea. You will need to pick and choose the most important pieces because you want it to be very direct. That way you won’t bore your audience. They don’t want to read the paper during this process, but rather just get the overall idea. Use the First Person Be sure to always use the first person with active verbs. It shows confidence. You are the one that will be doing the work and putting in the time, so own it. This is your â€Å"baby†. The best way to start any research proposal abstract is to get an example. So, look through some samples and get the overall idea what you need to be ready for. Then, follow the steps we offer and write an excellent abstract for your research paper. Otherwise you can buy a custom research proposal online, at writing company.

Business Process Modelling & Improvement Individual Assignment

Business Process Modelling & Improvement Individual - Assignment Example The associated model and the report are used for general discussion within the setting regarding the general strategy. It also assists in overall understanding of the architecture process within the university. Consequently, the report will be important for specific understanding of the landscape model processes, crucial process map for the support services of students. Additionally, the report is helpful in exploring the services of students. The paper uses Harmon’s and Dijkman’s approaches to design process architectures. Process Identification Stage and Overall Strategy Overall Strategy Like many universities, University of Sydney has sought to articulate the educational nature they offer to students by describing their generic qualities and the skill of their graduates. The core part of the university’s strategy will be the thinking part to ensure their student’s tomorrow is bright. The University of Sydney leads the way in coming up with ambitious goa ls for reform that would be of benefit to the researchers, staff, and students and have a wide effect. The University believes that education is a transformation in the lives of people. The university seeks to offer education that would make the students maximize their abilities and capabilities. This is of importance to both economic potential and social equity. Additionally, engagement, education, and research have become part of the core operation of the university. Consequently, the overall strategy for the university is to maintain their current place in a competitive global education industry. The strategies are crucial in building the work and the operation of the university and implementing the strategies in a program that is consistent of collective planning, management and decision-making. They ensure that the on-going academic competitiveness and strength to continue in future. Designation and Evaluation phases Designated processes for the university’s overall stra tegy subject to periodic evaluation to assess their productivity and their quality. The processes ensure that the alignment with the priorities, opportunities, development, and future growth of the university. The processes are carried out at intervals of about five years unless stated otherwise. The interdisciplinary of the university has the responsibility of facilitating and administering the periodic reviews like the approval of the external reviewers. The review process entails preparing a self-study according to the guidelines of the university. After the university completes with the self-study, an independent review panel of the university is set up for review and action based on the actions and recommendations. The action of the university includes renewal of the university’s intercollegiate status, designation, departmental transition, termination, or collegiate center. Therefore, the processes that are relevant to the overall strategy include: Access which enables robust delivery and discovery of information Collection and Content which facilitate stewardship in a context that is global Scholarship and Research which enhance community Discourse and individual productivity Teaching and Learning which strengthen the campus capacity and enriches students' experience An organization that develops agility and advances efficiency Justification The content and collection ensure stewardship in a context perceived to be global. It ascertains that the rapid evolution

Brand McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand McDonalds - Assignment Example   McDonald's and Golden arches can be said to be a beacon of success. As per 2011, it is the largest fast-food chain. Its revenue as of 2013 is the US $ 28.1057 billion. McDonalds’ has a good brand image and ranks among top ten in the survey of most valuable company in the planet (McDonald Corp. 2013). However, McDonalds is facing some peculiar problem.  McDonald's quite low when compared to its rivals in factors of quality perception.2. It has a new breed of customers with changing taste and preference and it has to keep itself relevant before it is too late or become history (Slama, 2014, pp. 9-11).Let us analyze the Brand management strategies of McDonalds through the lens of Keller’s brand equity model.Keller published this theory in his book strategic brand management. The theory of this model is pretty simple. It simply states that the company needs to redefine how customers think about their product for creating a strong brand. As per the figure there are fou r steps in order to build a strong brand image.  Applying the models 4 steps in case of Mc Donald’Step 1. Brand IdentityMc Donald wants to change its brand image in which it is identified as major culprit for the chronic obesity problem faced by US and other countries.  In wants to reposition itself as a brand that makes nutritional foods instead (Doole and Lowe, 2008, pp. 42-44). Its recent advertisement campaigns focus on people and emotions. Even there is a change in the product line to include new and healthy products.

Examining the Educator :: Education School Essays

One of the final problems identified in the topic of decreasing educational standards is the lack of educational competency. Educational competency is defined as a measure of excellence in the knowledge of individual educators and the ability of said educators to instruct students so that students are able to apply the knowledge to their own individual abilities; students should gain the ability to forge connections in the subject beyond the curricular base. Research also proposes than an adequate measure of defining excellence does not exist in the current educational system. It has been attempted, through research, to find a new measure - such as a peer critique and corrections system - thereby providing a medium through which a form of field expertise would arise in education. The topic of educational competency can be divided into subdivisions, these being the current institutions, evaluations, and theoretical basis of school systems. By studying literature, guidelines, philosophies, and proposals - which dominate modern education - the goal is to examine the strengths and flaws within the institution and its curriculum. In the end, the body of research examined should be sufficient to suggest the altercation needed in our current educational system. Evaluation Theory A main key to changing a system is finding a method by which to judge positive and negative changes in that system and in components of that system. Editors Donovan Peterson and Annie Ward compiled several articles pertaining to teacher competency and its theories in their book, Due Process in Teacher Evaluation. Boyd Applegarth, an author of one chapter in Due Process in Teacher Evaluation, focuses on a description and explanation of an operational evaluation system that includes classroom activities of teachers and extends to include examples of non-classroom activities that are considered crucial to the evaluation of teachers. Richard Brandt reviews several sources of nondiscriminatory criteria for evaluating teachers in his essay "Teacher Evaluation for Career Ladder and Incentive Pay Programs," in the anthology Teacher Evaluation Policy: From Accountability to Professional Development, edited and compiled by Daniel Duke. Brandt is interested in establishing criterion for a salary and career ladder for teachers based on competency. He addresses several modern systems for evaluating and rewarding teacher performance. Brandt recognizes the difficulty of judging teachers in an impartial way.

Aronson,Marc. Witch-hunt: Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials. NewYork: Simon And Schuster, 2003

In reviewing the book Witch-hunt: Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials, I found many new and interesting facts about the Salem witch trials. The book gives a detailed account of the accusers, the accused, the judges, and other key players involved in the hysteria that consumed Salem in 1692. Aronson starts out his book not with 1692, but instead with 1688, a year when the four Goodwin children seemed to be possessed by someone or something that was not of this world. The whole of this story is told by Cotton Mather, a well-respected minister of his day. He and his father, Increase Mather would play an important part in the hysteria was to come. He was the one who established the test for accused witches—that is, the ability to recite the Lord’s Prayer perfectly. Ironically, it would be his voice that would stop the hysteria in late 1692. He then compares the hysteria of 1692 to the post-September 11, 2001 hysteria regarding religious fundamentalists. At times, Aronson is a bit preachy, but the narrative moves along, telling vividly of the trials of the accused, and how many recanted their confessions, and even the histrionics of the alleged victims. The story begins with a group of girls practicing some old divination with a West Indian Slave, Tituba. When the experiment goes horribly wrong, the girls begin having spells of illness, and began going into fits. The girls quickly accuse Tituba of bewitching them, and Tituba does not disappoint, confessing to the crime of witchcraft, naming names, if only to save herself. The accusations fly quickly from there, as does the narrative. Aronson moves quickly, telling of the trials and hangings with vivid clarity. One almost feels as though they are in the courtroom, feeling the accusers’ pains, and hearing the plaintiff’s cries of innocence. Aronson also takes us to the jail cells, telling us of witches that recanted to the stenographers charged with taking their confessions. Aronson then talks of the height of the hysteria, when people were being accused at an alarming rate. He does, however, neglect to mention that a total of 20 people were executed, and many more were imprisoned. Aronson ends the Witchcraft trials with a voice of reason. It is the same voice that ended the hysteria 300 years ago. The reason is voiced by people like Cotton Mather, Increase Mather, Thomas Brattle and other esteemed men of the society. He also ties the whole thing together by placing the events in their historical context and giving reasons for the hysteria and for the end of the reign of terror. Overall, he does an excellent job of taking the available resources and turning it into a gripping tale that would take anyone on a wild ride. I personally read this book in two days, I could not put it down. The contemporary comparisons Aronson makes brings the book to relevance to today’s young person while bringing this fascinating historical period to a satisfying, if unsettling conclusion. Overall, I would recommend this book to anyone who wants a better understanding of the Salem Witch Trials and their impact on Massachusetts society. I would also recommend it because after reading it, one gets the sense of what a modern day witch-hunt looks like. Hopefully, by reading about this troubling period in American history, we can avoid repetitions of this type of hysteria in the future.

Different Types Of Naturally Occurring Fracture Networks

2.1 INTRODUCTION It has been long recognized that the presence of naturally occurring fracture network can lead to unpredictable heterogeneity and anisotropy within many reservoirs. In past geophysicists acquired and processed P-wave reflection data at short offset, which automatically implied relatively small angular ray coverage. So seismic anisotropy, which is defined as directional dependence of elastic properties of earth remains unnoticed. But with the advance of methodologies, acquiring long offset and multi-component data become feasible and cost effective, anisotropy showed up. On a smaller scale, stresses in the Earth can cause rock to fracture in a consistent manner. If these fractures are aligned, the rock will be anisotropic with the fast direction parallel to the fractures and the slow direction perpendicular to them. In ideal cases, these observations can provide information on the state of stress in the Earth. Different types of anisotropy have resulted depending on the direction of f racture orientation. A set of parallel vertical cracks embedded in an isotropic background gives rise a transverse isotropic medium with horizontal symmetry axis. Similarly in sedimentary basins orthorhombic symmetry is commonly caused by parallel vertical fractures embedded within a VTI background medium. It may also arise due to two or three mutually orthogonal fracture sets, or due to two identical fracture systems criss-crossing with an arbitrary angle. Such sets of fracturesShow MoreRelatedA Study On Seismic Wave4065 Words   |  17 PagesCHAPTER -2 REVIEW OF LITRETURE 2.1 Introduction Most of today’s producing naturally fractured reservoirs were discovered accidentally, they were found by somebody who are looking for some other type of reservoir. Significant volume of hydrocarbon resides in these reservoirs. 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